Archive Year: 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 | 1998
23 September 2008
Environmental Satellite Resource Center (ESRC)The COMET Program in association with NPOESS/IPO and NOAA/NESDIS has created a new web-based search tool for finding useful satellite resources. This community-driven Website provides access to information on satellite systems and applications, data products, cases and examples, and education and training materials about low-earth orbiting and geostationary environmental satellites. It offers multiple search options for accessing materials for all knowledge levels. We invite you to use the ESRC now.
22 September 2008
This module provides an overview of climatology, the study of climate. The module begins by examining the drivers that combine to create the climate regions of the world¿from those at the mesoscale (local) level to those at the synoptic-scale (continental) and global-scale levels. Examples include locally dominant winds, air masses, fronts, ocean currents, Earth¿s rotation around the sun, and latitude. Each discussion of a climate driver has an ¿example/exploration¿ segment, where the information is applied to several cities. The module also examines a scheme for classifying the world¿s climate zones, the sources and uses of climate information, and some of its limitations. The module is intended for a wide range of users, from forecasters and scientists to those in business and government as well as the general public¿in short, anyone interested in learning about climatology. Some familiarity with basic meteorology is useful although not required.
18 September 2008
Writing TAFs for Winds and LLWS
"Writing TAFs for Winds and LLWS" is the third unit in the Distance Learning Aviation Course 2 (DLAC2) series on producing TAFs that meet the needs of the aviation community. In addition to providing information about tools for diagnosing wind and wind impacts, the module extends the Practically Perfect TAF (PPTAF) process to address airport-specific criteria. By understanding the criteria at airports for which they produce TAFs, forecasters will be better able to produce a Practically Perfect Site-Specific TAF (PPSST). The unit also examines how to effectively communicate logic and uncertainty in an aviation forecast discussion (AvnFD) and addresses maintaining an effective TAF weather watch and updating the TAF proactively.
9 September 2008
North Wall Effects on Winds and Waves
North Wall events refer to high wind and wave events that occur along the north edge of warm, fast, western boundary currents. These events occur along the Gulf Stream off the mid-Atlantic states of the U.S. and along the Kuroshio Current near Japan and Taiwan. This module explores the relationships between atmospheric stability, winds, waves, and ocean currents during North Wall events. Using three different case studies, we examine the relevant aspects of several topics, including the synoptic setting, ocean currents, evolution of the marine boundary layer, growth of ocean waves, and potential wave-current interactions.
29 August 2008
Creación de productos meteorológicos a partir de observaciones satelitales
This module, now translated into Spanish, presents an overview of how satellite data are turned into the satellite products used by operational forecasters and the research and educational communities, etc. The module begins by describing the process of creating simple image products that use relatively simple image manipulation techniques to highlight properties such as wind-blown dust, vegetation, and cloud phase. The module then describes some of the more complex processes involved in generating quantitative products, such as cloud identification, atmospheric instability, wildfire characterization, and sea surface temperature. Finally, the module introduces advanced products that use the thousands of channels on hyperspectral instruments to derive a variety of geophysical parameters related to the characterization of aerosols, trace gases, cloud microphysics, and atmospheric profiling, etc. The discussion of quantitative products uses the example of the Meteosat cloud mask, which indicates whether a pixel in a satellite image is clear or cloudy. Cloud mask products are important to all environmental satellites in that they form the basis for many other derived products.
25 August 2008
Dams and Dam Failure - Module 2: St. Venant Equations, Modeling, and Case Study
This second module in the two-part series expands on the science explaining catastrophic dam failure and flood-wave prediction methods associated with these events. Through the use of rich illustrations and interactions, this module introduces the St. Venant equations for dynamic wave flow, and flood wave characteristics. It also explains the general dam failure modeling process along with advantages and limitations of dam failure models including model stability, accuracy, and sensitivity issues. Finally, it also provides an overview of the Teton River dam failure, one of the most famous hydrologic events in U.S. history. The two modules that comprise this series are designed to be taken consecutively and together provide a fundamental understanding of this complex hydrologic topic.
22 August 2008
Dominio del diagrama oblicuo T-log p
This is the Spanish translation of the original Skew-T Mastery module. Meteorologists typically examine atmospheric soundings in the course of preparing a weather forecast. The skew-T / log-P diagram provides the preferred method for analyzing these soundings. This module comprehensively examines the use of the skew-T diagram. It explores thermodynamic properties, convective parameters, stability assessment, and several forecast applications. The module is designed for both instruction and reference. It also comes with an interactive Web-based skew-T diagram that calculates several common forecast parameters.
21 August 2008
Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, Chapter 10: Tropical Cyclones
Chapter 10, Tropical Cyclones, is the third published chapter of the online textbook, Introduction to Tropical Meteorology. Tropical cyclones are the deadliest tropical weather systems. This chapter describes their seasonal and geographic variability and controls, decadal cycles, and history of naming conventions. Tropical cyclogenesis is explored in depth and the core and balance solutions for regions of the cyclone are examined. Intensity is considered in terms of inner-core dynamics, large-scale environmental controls, limits on potential intensity, satellite interpretation techniques, and classification by wind speed. Factors that influence motion are investigated. Extratropical transition is described in terms of structural changes, preceding mechanisms, and impact on high latitudes. Societal impacts and mitigation are also covered.
13 August 2008
This module describes the main elements to consider when analyzing wave model and buoy data. The module focuses on data products available from NOAA including spectral plots, maps, and text bulletins. East and West Coast wave-masking exercises conclude the module. The content in this module is an excerpt from the previously published COMET module Rip Currents: Forecasting.
04 August 2008
Introduction to Distributed Hydrologic Modeling
In this webcast, Diane Cooper, with the Southern Region Headquarters of NOAA's National Weather Service, provides a basic scientific description of the physical processes, mathematical equations, and data issues with respect to distributed hydrologic models. Ms. Cooper first explains the background of hydrologic modeling and how that influences the current state-of-the-art for distributed hydrologic modeling. She then describes the physical process that distributed hydrologic models are attempting to capture and covers a few basic mathematical equations related to these models. She also identifies modeling challenges related to the complexity, calibration, and large data requirements, and gives an overview of the results to date of distributed hydrologic models used at the NWS. The target audience for this module is NWS forecasters who have little or no training in hydrology but can benefit from knowing how distributed hydrologic models work.
24 July 2008
Ondas de montaña y vientos de ladera descendentes
Mountain waves form above and downwind of topographic barriers and frequently pose a serious hazard to mountain aviation because of strong-to-extreme turbulence. This foundation module, now available in Spanish, describes the features of mountain waves and explores the conditions under which they form. Like other foundation modules in the Mesoscale Primer, this module starts with a forecast scenario and concludes with a final exam. Rich graphics, audio narration, and frequent interactions enhance the presentation.
21 July 2008
Anticipating and dealing with weather and the hazards it creates is a real challenge for those in departments of transportation. This module gives road and highway managers a basic understanding of meteorology and weather hazards so that they can better interpret weather forecast information used to make road management decisions. The module also highlights web-based forecast products available from the National Weather Service that can help in the decision-making process.
08 July 2008
This is the Spanish translation of the Gap Winds module. This module provides a basic understanding of why gap winds occur, their typical structures, and how gap wind strength and extent are controlled by larger-scale, or synoptic, conditions. You will learn about a number of important gap flows in coastal regions around the world, with special attention given to comprehensively documented gap wind cases in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Columbia River Gorge. Basic techniques for evaluating and predicting gap flows are presented. The module reviews the capabilities and limitations of the current generation of mesoscale models in producing realistic gap winds. By the end of this module, you should have sufficient background to diagnose and forecast gap flows around the world, and to use this knowledge to understand their implications for operational decisions. Other features in this module include a concise summary for quick reference and a final exam to test your knowledge. Like other modules in the Mesoscale Meteorology Primer, this module comes with audio narration, rich graphics, and a companion print version.
03 July 2008
Principios de convección I: empuje hidrostático y CAPE
This is the Spanish translation of the Principles of Convection I: Buoyancy and CAPE module providing a brief overview of Buoyancy and CAPE. Topics covered include the origin of atmospheric buoyancy, estimating buoyancy using the CAPE and Lifted Index, factors that affect buoyancy including entrainment of mid-level air, water loading, convective inhibition, and the origin of convective downdrafts. This module delivers instruction with audio narration, rich graphics, and a companion print version.
30 June 2008
Introduction to Verification of Hydrologic Forecasts
This module offers a comprehensive description of a set of common verification measures for hydrologic forecasts, both deterministic and probabilistic. Through use of rich illustrations, animations, and interactions, this module explains how these verification measures can provide valuable information to users with varying needs. In addition to providing a measure of how well a forecast matches observations, verification measures can be used to help forecasters and users learn about the strengths and weaknesses of a forecast.
23 June 2008
Creating Meteorological Products from Satellite Data
This module presents an overview of how satellite data are turned into the satellite products used by operational forecasters and the research and educational communities, etc. The module begins by describing the process of creating simple image products that use relatively simple image manipulation techniques to highlight properties such as wind-blown dust, vegetation, and cloud phase. The module then describes some of the more complex processes involved in generating quantitative products, such as cloud identification, atmospheric instability, wildfire characterization, and sea surface temperature. Finally, the module introduces advanced products that use the thousands of channels on hyperspectral instruments to derive a variety of geophysical parameters related to the characterization of aerosols, trace gases, cloud microphysics, and atmospheric profiling, etc. The discussion of quantitative products uses the example of the Meteosat cloud mask, which indicates whether a pixel in a satellite image is clear or cloudy. Cloud mask products are important to all environmental satellites in that they form the basis for many other derived products.
12 June 2008
Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course Orientation
The Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course Orientation module introduces the organization of the course, the topics presented, and the intended audience, as well as the motivation for converting this course to online training. This web module is part of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course.
09 June 2008
Pronóstico de tipo e intensidad de engelamiento en aviación
This is the Spanish translation of Forecasting Aviation Icing: Icing Type and Severity, which discusses the current theories of atmospheric conditions associated with aircraft icing and applies the theories to the icing diagnosis and forecast process. The contribution of liquid water content, temperature, and droplet size parameters to icing are examined. Identification of icing type, icing severity, and the hazards associated with icing features are presented. Tools to help diagnose atmospheric processes that may be contributing to icing and the special case of supercooled large drop (SLD) icing are examined and applied in short exercises.
28 May 2008
This is the Brazilian Portuguese translation of the "Understanding the Hydrologic Cycle" module. This module helps students gain a basic understanding of the elements of the hydrologic cycle. Making use of illustrations, animations, and interactions, this module examines the basic concepts of the hydrologic cycle including water distribution, atmospheric water, surface water, groundwater, and snowpack/snowmelt.
23 May 2008
Microwave Remote Sensing: Land and Ocean Surface Applications
This module introduces the concepts and principles basic to retrieving important land and ocean surface properties using microwave remote sensing observations from polar-orbiting satellites. Section one reviews the advantages of microwave remote sensing from polar-orbiting platforms and briefly highlights some of the unique spectral characteristics that allow for differentiation between various surface types and properties. Subsequent sections present a more in-depth look at the derivation and application of microwave products that quantify four different land and ocean surface properties and their characteristics, including snow cover and water equivalent, sea ice, surface wetness and soil moisture, and sea surface temperature. The module reviews both past and current satellite missions and also discusses the future NPOESS constellation that is expected to include a passive microwave sensing capability beginning with the second NPOESS satellite. This module takes about 120 minutes to complete.
22 May 2008
Introducción a la meteorología tropical, Capítulo 6: Distribución de humedad y precipitación
This is the Spanish translation of Chapter 6, The Distribution of Moisture and Precipitation, the second published chapter of the online textbook, Introduction to Tropical Meteorology. Moisture and precipitation distribution governs life in the tropics. Surplus heating and rising motion in the tropics ignites the global water and energy cycles and influences weather in the midlatitudes. Chapter 6 presents the horizontal and vertical distribution of water vapor, tropical cloud formation and distribution, the lifecycle and precipitation characteristics of tropical mesoscale convective systems, and the variability of tropical precipitation on yearly, seasonal, and hourly time-scales. The online textbook has many special features including individual chapter review questions and quiz, topic focus sections, direct access to operational forecasting topics, box sections that elaborate on theoretical concepts, links to resources for further study, critical thinking questions interspersed throughout the text, icons that identify resource links and critical thinking exercises, and science biographies.
08 May 2008
Estrategias básicas para pronósticos de aeródromo
This is the Spanish translation of Basic Terminal Forecast Strategies which is the first component of the Distance Learning Course 2, Producing Customer-Focused TAFs. Basic Terminal Forecast Strategies is comprised of two lessons that provide 1) an introduction to understanding aviation customers and their needs and 2) a technique to meet those needs by producing clear, concise, and consistent terminal aerodrome forecasts (TAFs).
28 April 2008
The Fire Weather Climatology module provides a comprehensive look at fire regions across the United States and characteristics of typical fire seasons in each region. In addition, critical fire weather patterns are described in terms of their development, duration and impact on fire weather. Numerous case studies provide examples and opportunities to practice recognizing these critical patterns and how they can affect fire ignition and spread. This module is part of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course.
28 April 2008
Mesoscale Meteorology Effects on Fire Behavior
The Mesoscale Meteorology Effects on Fire Behavior module reviews the development of thermally forced winds in complex terrain and explores how these winds combine with the effects of terrain to influence fire spread. Three-dimensional conceptual animations illustrate these effects through a 24-hr period, as members of the team working this theoretical fire describe different aspects of weather, fire behavior, and operational fire fighting decisions at specific times during this day. This module is part of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course.
24 April 2008
Interacción entre flujo y topografía
This Spanish translation is a foundation module in the Mesoscale Meteorology Primer series. Topics covered include an overview of factors that control whether air will go up and over a mountain or be forced around it, the role of potential and kinetic energy, the Froude number and what it tells you, and air flow blocked by topography.
1 April 2008
Percepción remota por microondas: nubes, precipitación
y vapor de agua
This Spanish translation provides an introduction to polar-orbiting-satellite-based microwave remote sensing products that depict moisture and precipitation in the atmosphere. The module begins with definitions and descriptions of total precipitable water and cloud liquid water products, contrasting each with more familiar infrared water vapor and window channel products. This is followed by an overview of microwave precipitation estimation and a discussion of how polar-satellite products compare with those from geostationary satellites and ground-based radar. A series of case examples highlights potential weather forecasting applications for total precipitable water and precipitation products. The module also includes an introduction to the Global Precipitation Monitoring Mission to which future NPOESS satellites will be an important contributor. This module takes about 75 minutes to complete.
31 March 2008
The Assessing Fire Danger distance learning module explores techniques for recognizing weather and fuel conditions contributing to fire danger. The module includes a matrix of data sources offering useful weather, fuels, and other information related to fire ignition, spread, and intensity. An overview of situational awareness practices provides information relevant to forecasters in the office or field. This module is part of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course.
28 March 2008
Stability, Smoke Management, and Fire Weather Forecasting
The Stability, Smoke Management, and Fire Weather Forecasting module examines the effects of atmospheric stability on fire behavior and the transport of smoke, as well as fire and smoke management operations. Topics covered include the impacts of the formation, persistence, and dissipation of inversions and how best to relate forecast information on these phases to customers. Calculation and application of the Haines Index is applied through the highly interactive Haines Game. In addition, the influence of stability on the transport and dispersion of fire related smoke is covered in the context of smoke management programs and the critical information provided by fire weather forecasters. This web module is part of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course.
21 March 2008
The distribution of vorticity centres along an axis of maximum winds follows a fairly predictable pattern based on the characteristics of the flow. By diagnosing these characteristics, the meteorologist is able to quickly deduce the location and relative intensities of the associated vorticity centres as well as the relative sizes of the associated circulations. This information is summarized within the shape and orientation of the associated deformation zones. The deformation zones in turn reveal important details regarding feature motion and thermal advection and thus their diagnosis should be a critical part of the forecast process. This module takes 30-40 minutes to complete. It is part of the series: "Dynamic Feature Identification: The Satellite Palette".
19 March 2008
Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, Chapter 6: The Distribution of Moisture and Precipitation
Chapter 6, The Distribution of Moisture and Precipitation, is the second published chapter of the online textbook, Introduction to Tropical Meteorology. Moisture and precipitation distribution governs life in the tropics. Surplus heating and rising motion in the tropics ignites the global water and energy cycles and influences weather in the midlatitudes. Chapter 6 presents the horizontal and vertical distribution of water vapor, tropical cloud formation and distribution, the lifecycle and precipitation characteristics of tropical mesoscale convective systems, and the variability of tropical precipitation on yearly, seasonal, and hourly time-scales. The online textbook has many special features including individual chapter review questions and quiz, topic focus sections, direct access to operational forecasting topics, box sections that elaborate on theoretical concepts, links to resources for further study, critical thinking questions interspersed throughout the text, icons that identify resource links and critical thinking exercises, and science biographies.
19 March 2008
Dams and Dam Failure - Module 1: Terminology and Open Channel Hydraulics
This is the first module of a two-part series offering an introduction to the science explaining catastrophic dam failure and flood-wave prediction methods associated with these events. Through use of rich illustrations, animations, and interactions, this module explains key terminology and concepts including dam types and purposes, failure statistics, the general dam failure process, open channel hydraulics, critical flow, Manning's equation, and conveyance. The information covered in this two module series will provide a scientific foundation for advanced course work needed to run dam break simulations and to conduct hydraulic modeling as a part of dynamic wave forecasting.
19 March 2008
This module provides a comprehensive overview of the three main dimensions of the fire environment triangle: fuels, topography, and weather. Five interactive case studies illustrate the interdependent influences these three dimensions have on fire behavior. A wide range of fire behavior is also discussed in terms of the environmental factors that support or suppress fire ignition and spread. As part of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course, this module is meant to introduce forecasters to science of fire behavior.
13 March 2008
This is the Spanish translation of the Polar Satellite Products for the Operational Forecaster: Microwave Analysis of Tropical Cyclones module which introduces forecasters to the use of microwave image products for observing and analyzing tropical cyclones. Microwave data from polar-orbiting satellites is crucial to today¿s operational forecasters, and particularly for those with maritime forecasting responsibilities where in situ observations are sparse. This module includes information on storm structure and techniques for improved storm positioning using the 37 and 85-91 GHz channels from several satellite sensors. Information on current sensors and on the product availability in the NPOESS era is also presented.
6 March 2008
Potencial de precipitación tropical (TraP) operativo derivado por satélite
The COMET Program and the Integrated Program Office are pleased to announce the Spanish translation of The Operational Tropical Rainfall Potential (TRaP) module. This module, developed by Sheldon Kusselson (Satellite Analysis Branch, NESDIS), traces the development of the present TRaP product and shows numerous examples from recent hurricane seasons comparing model precipitation forecast amounts, TRaP estimated rainfall amounts, and observed rainfall. Guidelines for using the TRaP product and future improvements are presented at the conclusion of the module.
5 March 2008
Fire Weather Forecasting: Clear Communications
The Fire Weather Forecasting: Clear Communications distance learning module offers best practices for Fire Weather Forecasters needing to communicate weather information when deployed in the field. The 30-minute module defines strategies for communicating with Weather Forecast Offices and with customers. Examples include writing a useful fire weather forecast discussion and undertaking proper planning to quickly and accurately disseminate information. This distance learning module is part of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course.
29 February 2008
History of the Incident Meteorologist Program
The History of the Incident Meteorologist Program describes the evolution of fire weather support by National Weather Service meteorologists, including the more recent expansion to other hazardous incidents and significant national events. This webcast also reviews the evolution of the Air-Transportable Meteorological Unit (ATMU) into today's AMRS/FxNet system used by Incident Meteorologists. This short webcast is part of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course.
25 February 2008
New MetEd Search Capability
MetEd has recently been upgraded to include new and enhanced Search functionality. After entering your search keywords in the search field of the MetEd banner, you are provided two forms of results. The “Module Results” lists all training and education modules and Webcasts that match your keywords, while the “Site-wide Results” includes, in addition, all Web pages, presentations, and other resources available on the site.
22 February 2008
Weather and the Built Environment
This short course provides broadcast meteorologists, educators, and the public with an overview of the evolution of our modern urban environment with a focus on impacts on the urban watershed, air quality, and climate. This course complements the course Watersheds: Connecting Weather to the Environment and both are part of the Earth Gauge™ environmental curriculum for weathercasters and educators. This curriculum is being developed by the National Environmental Education Foundation (NEEF).
19 February 2008
Ciclo de vida de las olas II: propagación y dispersión
This is the Spanish translation of Wave Life Cycle II: Propagation & Dispersion. The goal of the module is to enable a marine forecaster to manually predict how the wave height and period will change as the waves leave their generation area, become swell, and then propagate and disperse into the forecaster's offshore coastal waters. While numerical wave prediction models can provide swell height and period forecasts, they are dependent on accurate wind forecasts by atmospheric prediction models. Therefore, manual skills in determining swell height and period are needed in order to cross-check or correct model predictions in cases of poor or unresolved model forecasts of winds. The module starts by discussing how swell propagate along great circle tracks and how these tracks will look different on various map projections. With this in mind the concept of developing a known 'swell window' for a given location is introduced. Next, the module uses conceptual animations to demonstrate the effects of dispersion on the swell group as it propagates over a long distance. Also discussed are nonlinear processes, wave steepness, travel time, event duration, and opposing winds. Then the module explains how swell height changes due to angular spreading of wave energy and provides a simplified method to calculate this change. Finally, users are able to test their new understanding of these concepts through a short exercise where they are asked to determine swell height and period at multiple locations. User interactions are included throughout the module and within the short exercise. This is the third in a series of training modules on marine wind and waves. It follows the "Wave Types and Characteristics" and "Wave Generation" modules.
05 February 2008
The Fire Model Matrix is an on-line resource that presents four fire community models in a matrix that facilitates the exploration of the characteristics of each model. As part of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course, this matrix is meant to sensitize forecasters to the use of weather data in these fire models to forecast potential fire activity.
01 February 2008
Aplicaciones satelitales multiespectrales: el ciclo de vida de los incendios en zonas despobladas
This is the Spanish translation of Multispectral Satellite Applications: Monitoring the Wildland Fire Cycle. This module describes current and future satellite instruments and products used for monitoring the fire cycle, with an emphasis on polar-orbiting satellites. Product information is presented in the context of the fire cycle: from assessing the pre- and post-fire environment to detecting and monitoring active fires, smoke, and aerosols. Product information is also consolidated in the Fire Product Suite, available in the module and as a PDF file. The module concludes with an interactive fire case study, supplemented with observations from a National Weather Service forecaster who experienced the fire. The module is intended for a wide range of users involved with wildfire detection and monitoring, including land use managers, hydrologists, weather forecasters, and researchers.
10 January 2008
This is the Spanish translation of Chapter 3: Tropical Remote Sensing Applications, the first published chapter of the online textbook, "Introduction to Tropical Meteorology." It covers remote sensing¿the primary method of observing weather and climate across the global tropics. Learners will become familiar with the scientific basis and applications of radar and satellite remote sensing from examples in which clouds and precipitation are observed by measuring microwave signals using ground-based radar, spaceborne radar, and satellite radiometers. Wind estimation, dust and volcanic ash tracking, vertical sounding techniques, and remote measurement of sea-surface, soil and land surface properties are also covered. The online textbook has many special features, including individual chapter review questions and quiz, topic focus sections, direct access to operational forecasting topics, box sections that elaborate on theoretical concepts, links to resources for further study, critical thinking questions interspersed throughout the text, icons that identify resource links and critical thinking exercises, and science biographies.
3 January 2008
Introducción a los modelos oceánicos
This is the Spanish translation of the module Introduction to Ocean Models. Oceans cover over 70% of the surface of the earth, yet many details of their workings are not fully understood. To better understand and forecast the state of the ocean, we rely on numerical ocean models. Ocean models combine observations and physics to predict the ocean temperature, salinity, and currents at any time and any place across the ocean basins. This module will discuss what goes into numerical ocean models, including model physics, coordinate systems, parameterization, initialization, and boundary conditions.
2 January 2008
Introducción a las corrientes oceánicas
This is the Spanish translation of the module Introduction to Ocean Currents which discusses the origin of ocean currents in both the open ocean and in coastal areas. The module focuses on the driving mechanisms for currents, along with influences that modify existing currents. Driving mechanisms include wind, horizontal density differences, and tides, while modifying effects include friction, bathymetry, and the Ekman spiral. The module concludes with a demonstration of data products and a brief overview of forecast considerations.
21 December 2007
The COMET Program is now issuing quarterly updates in Spanish, highlighting new material that has been translated. If you wish to begin receiving these updates, simply log in, navigate to "Change my account information", and check the box near the bottom of the form. A confirmation e-mail will be sent to you which you must respond to in order for your e-mail address to be added to the list.
7 December 2007
La prévision d'ensemble expliquée
This is the French translation of Ensemble Forecasting Explained. This module covers the theory and use of ensemble prediction systems (EPSs). The module will help forecasters develop an understanding of the basis for EPSs, the skills to interpret ensemble products, and strategies for their use in the forecast process. It contains six sections: an Introduction that briefly presents background theory; Generation, which describes how ensemble systems are constructed; Statistical Concepts, which provides a brief refresher on knowledge required for ensemble product interpretation; Summarizing Data, which describes common ensemble forecast products; Verification, which discusses how EPSs performance is assessed and documented; and Case Applications, which provides links to a number of forecast cases illustrating the use of EPSs in the forecast process. Questions and Exercises are offered throughout to help you test your learning and provide practical examples.
5 December 2007
Introducción a las mareas oceánicas
This is the Spanish translation of the Introduction to Ocean Tides module. Ocean tides profoundly impact coastal maritime operations. This module provides an introduction to the origin, characteristics, and prediction of tides. After introducing common terminology, the module examines the mechanisms that cause and modify tides, including both astronomical and meteorological effects. A discussion of tide prediction techniques and products concludes the module. This module includes rich graphics, audio narration, embedded interactions, and a companion print version.
3 December 2007
Wave Ensembles in the Marine Forecast Process
The NCEP Marine Modeling and Analysis Branch (MMAB) Ensemble Global Ocean Wave Forecast System (EGOWaFS) provides five-day forecasts of global winds, wind wave and swell conditions in probabilistic terms. This product became available early in 2007 both through an NCEP non-operational web page and, for raw data, through FTP for use by marine forecasters at NWS WFOs and other locations.
The data from the EGOWaFS can be used in a number of ways, including: * As input to probabilistic marine forecasts for wind waves and swell * As input to a local wave ensemble, such as Simulated Waves Nearshore (SWAN) * As input to develop probabilistic forecasts for rip current development
This webcast has been developed to introduce the EGOWaFS to the marine forecasting community. Topics discussed include:
- The unique basis for ensemble prediction of ocean waves
- Graphics of EGOWaFS product output and their interpretation
- Case examples showing examples of EGOWaFS, including:
- Potential for EGOWaFS forecast bias resulting from systematic errors in wind forcing,
- Use of EGOWaFS data to provide boundary conditions for local near-shore wave models, and
- Application of EGOWaFS data to create a probabilistic forecast for the occurrence of rip currents.
28 November 2007
Modelos conceptuales de ondas tropicales
This is the Spanish translation of the webcast entitled Conceptual Models of Tropical Waves. Tropical waves are prolific rainfall producers that sometimes form tropical cyclones. Conceptual models of tropical waves are used to help learners understand the dynamical characteristics and evolution of tropical waves. Learners are able to explore the vertical and horizontal structure of tropical waves and the typical weather changes that accompany the passage of a tropical wave. Four different methods of tracking tropical waves are also provided. The Webcast is presented by Mr. Horace Burton and Mr. Selvin Burton of the Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology under the auspices of the MeteoForum Project.
19 November 2007
Comprendre l'assimilation des données: Comment les modèles créent leurs conditions initales
This is the French translation of Understanding Data Assimilation: How Models Create Their Initial Conditions. This module explains the process by which data are used in NWP models and the ever-increasing importance that data assimilation has on the quality of numerical forecasts. It provides learners an appreciation for how models use data as a function of model resolution and data type, how data influence the analysis, the limitations of data assimilation systems, the importance of initial conditions on the quality of NWP guidance, as well as the challenges of assessing the quality of NWP guidance based on the initial conditions.
The subject matter expert for this module is Dr. Ralph Petersen of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Environmental Modeling Center (NCEP/EMC).
14 November 2007
Multispectral Satellite Applications: Monitoring the Wildland Fire Cycle
This module describes current and future satellite instruments and products used for monitoring the fire cycle, with an emphasis on polar-orbiting satellites. Product information is presented in the context of the fire cycle: from assessing the pre- and post-fire environment to detecting and monitoring active fires, smoke, and aerosols. Product information is also consolidated in the Fire Product Suite, available in the module and as a PDF file. The module concludes with an interactive fire case study, supplemented with observations from a National Weather Service forecaster who experienced the fire. The module is intended for a wide range of users involved with wildfire detection and monitoring, including land use managers, hydrologists, weather forecasters, and researchers.
12 November 2007
The Structure of the NWS Fire Weather Program
The Structure of the NWS Fire Weather Program explores the joint agreement between NOAA¿s NWS and land management agencies to develop an appreciation of the contribution each agency makes in providing the best possible fire weather services. As part of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course, this module focuses on the NWS Fire Weather Program itself to set the stage for other course modules.
05 November 2007
Following an analysis of the main features of a deformation zone, the diagnosis of temporal and spatial changes in these features can be used to deduce underlying meteorological processes and their progression. In turn, this knowledge can then be used in the forecast process to adjust the forecast accordingly. This module takes 35-45 minutes to complete. It is part of the series: "Dynamic Feature Identification: The Satellite Palette".
30 October 2007
Tipos de olas y sus características
This is the Spanish translation of Wave Types and Characteristics, the first in a series of marine meteorology modules based on COMET's old laser disk and CD-ROM modules on marine meteorology. This module is an introduction to waves and their associated characteristics. Several types of waves are presented, from the common wind wave to the rare tsunami wave. The basic physical, mathematical, and statistical traits of waves are discussed, along with how they change once waves become swell. This material serves as a building block to subsequent modules on wave generation, propagation, and dispersion.
24 October 2007
Frontogenetical Circulations and Stability
"Frontogenetical Circulations and Stability" is a Webcast by Dr. James T. Moore that focuses on an overview of different stability types, including convective, potential, inertial, conditional and symmetric, the concept of frontogenesis and associated circulations. The webcast concludes with a discussion of the role of stability in determining the character of frontogenetical circulations.
18 October 2007
Orientación del Curso Básico de Hidrología
This is the Spanish translation Basic Hydrologic Sciences Course Orientation webcast. This brief presentation provides an overview of the COMET Basic Hydrologic Sciences course including: goal and target audiences, structure of the course and adapting it to your needs, and a brief description of course components.
4 October 2007
Casos de estudio de inundaciones repentinas
This is the Spanish translation of the Flash Flood Cases module that takes the learner through seven case studies of flash flood events that occurred in the conterminous U.S. between 2003 and 2006. The cases covered include:
16-17 September 2004: Macon County, NC
31 July 2006: Santa Catalina Mountains near Tucson, AZ
25 December 2003: Fire burn area near San Bernardino, CA
30 August 2004: Urban flash flood in Richmond, VA
19-20 August 2003: Urban flash flood in Las Vegas, NV
9 October 2005: Cheshire County, NH
This module assists the learner in applying the concepts covered in the foundation topics of the Basic Hydrologic Sciences course. Some of the specific topics pertinent to these cases are the physical characteristics that make a basin prone to flash floods, basin response to precipitation, flash flood guidance (FFG), the relationship between wildfire and flash floods, and the relationship between urban development and flash floods. Related topics brought out in the cases include radar quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE), the National Weather Service Flash Flood Monitoring and Prediction (NWS FFMP) products, debris flows, impounded water, and interagency communications. The core foundation topics are recommended prerequisite materials since this module assumes some pre-existing knowledge of hydrologic principles. In particular, the Runoff Processes and Flash Flood Processes modules contain material directly related to these cases.
4 October 2007
Introduction to Ocean Currents
This module discusses the origin of ocean currents in both the open ocean and in coastal areas. The module focuses on the driving mechanisms for currents, along with influences that modify existing currents. Driving mechanisms include wind, horizontal density differences, and tides, while modifying effects include friction, bathymetry, and the Ekman spiral. The module concludes with a demonstration of data products and a brief overview of forecast considerations.
2 October 2007
Utilisation intelligente des produits dérivés des modèles
This is the French translation of Intelligent Use of Model-Derived Products module. This module was developed and released in three sections: Postprocessing/Products, Statistical Guidance, and Assessment Tools. Specific topics covered include the impact of postprocessing and how to account for it, the statistical methods used to enhance raw model output including how statistical guidance products like MOS are generated, as well as NWP verification methodologies and use of daily model diagnostics.
1 October 2007
Basic Hydrologic Sciences Course Orientation
This brief presentation provides an overview of the COMET Basic Hydrologic Sciences course including: goal and target audiences, structure of the course and adapting it to your needs, and a brief description of course components.
28 September 2007
Precipitación de mesoescala en bandas
This is the Spanish translation of Mesoscale Banded Precipitation. Precipitation frequently falls and accumulates in discrete bands with accumulations that vary markedly over short distances. This module examines several mechanisms that result in mesoscale banded precipitation, focusing primarily on processes at work in midlatitude cyclones. The module starts with a review of the Norwegian and conveyor belt cyclone models. Then several banding processes are examined in detail, including deformation/frontogenesis, the Trowal (Trough of Warm Air Aloft), frontal merger, CSI/slantwise convection, and melting/evaporation-induced circulations. The module concludes with discussions of the representation of banded precipitation by NWP models and the detection of banded precipitation with satellite sensors.
20 September 2007
Forzamiento térmico de la circulación I: brisas marinas
This is the Spanish translation of Thermally-forced Circulation I: Sea Breezes which describes the phenomena of the sea breeze. It examines factors that lead to the formation of a sea breeze, modifying effects on sea breeze development, how mesoscale NWP models handle sea breezes, and sea breeze forecast parameters. The module places instruction in the context of a sea breeze case from Florida and compares surface and satellite observations to a model simulation using the AFWA MM5. Like other modules in the Mesoscale Meteorology Primer, this module comes with audio narration, rich graphics, and a companion print version.
20 September 2007
Pronósticos de niebla de radiación
The COMET Program announces the Spanish translation of Forecasting Radiation Fog, the second module in the Mesoscale Meteorology Primer series. This module starts with a forecast scenario that occurs during a winter radiation fog event in the Central Valley of California. After that, a conceptual section covers the physical processes of radiation fog through its life cycle. Operational sections addressing fog detection and forecasting conclude the module.
20 September 2007
Forzamiento térmico de la circulación II: brisas de montaña y de valle
This is the Spanish translation of Thermally-forced Circulation II: Mountain/Valley Breezes, the second Foundation Module in the Mesoscale Meteorology Primer series. Topics covered include up- and downslope breezes, up- and down-valley winds, associated hazards, and forecasting techniques. Like other modules in the Mesoscale Meteorology Primer, this module comes with audio narration, rich graphics, and a companion print version.
19 September 2007
Fire Weather Grid Techniques: Relative Humidity and Dewpoint Temperature
Fire Weather Grid Techniques: Relative Humidity and Dewpoint describes techniques and best practices for creating scientifically consistent grids of fire weather parameters. A case study is used to apply Smart Tools to model guidance to edit relative humidity and dew point temperature grids, and to demonstrate the advantages of editing dew point temperature rather than relative humidity to best represent the moisture in the atmosphere.
31 August 2007
Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, Chapter 3: Tropical Remote Sensing Applications
Chapter 3: Tropical Remote Sensing Applications, is the first published chapter of the online textbook, "Introduction to Tropical Meteorology." It covers remote sensing¿the primary method of observing weather and climate across the global tropics. Learners will become familiar with the scientific basis and applications of radar and satellite remote sensing from examples in which clouds and precipitation are observed by measuring microwave signals using ground-based radar, spaceborne radar, and satellite radiometers. Wind estimation, dust and volcanic ash tracking, vertical sounding techniques, and remote measurement of sea-surface, soil and land surface properties are also covered. The online textbook has many special features, including individual chapter review questions and quiz, topic focus sections, direct access to operational forecasting topics, box sections that elaborate on theoretical concepts, links to resources for further study, critical thinking questions interspersed throughout the text, icons that identify resource links and critical thinking exercises, and science biographies.
29 August 2007
Procesos de inundación repentina
This is the Spanish translation of the Flash Flood Processes module. According to NOAA's National Weather Service, a flash flood is a life-threatening flood that begins within 6 hours--and often within 3 hours--of a causative event. That causative event can be intense rainfall, the failure of a dam, levee, or other structure that is impounding water, or the sudden rise of water level associated with river ice jams.
The "Procesos de inundación repentina" module offers an introduction to the distinguishing features of flash floods, the underlying hydrologic influences and the use of flash flood guidance (FFG) products. Through use of rich illustrations, animations, and interactions, this module explains the differences between flash floods and general floods and examines the hydrologic processes that impact flash flooding risk. In addition, it provides an introduction to the use of flash flood guidance (FFG) products including derivation from ThreshR and rainfall-runoff curves as well as current strengths and limitations.
29 August 2007
Análisis de frecuencia de crecidas
This is the Spanish translation of the Flood Frequency Analysis module which offers an introduction to the use of flood frequency analysis for flood prediction and planning. Through use of rich illustrations, animations, and interactions, this module explains the basic concepts, underlying issues, and methods for analyzing flood data. Common concepts such as the 100-year flood and return periods as well as issues affecting the statistical representation of floods are discussed. Common flood data analysis methods as well as an overview of design events are also covered. As a foundation topic for the upcoming Basic Hydrologic Science course, this module may be taken on its own, but it will also be available as a supporting topic providing factual scientific information to support students in completion of the case-based forecasting modules.
29 August 2007
Caso de estudio de pronóstico fluvial
This is the Spanish translation of the River Forecasting Case Study module which takes the learner through the considerations for the river forecasting decisions associated with the remnants of Hurricane Ivan on 17-19 September, 2004 for the Susquehanna River system in Pennsylvania and New York. The module assists the learner with applying the concepts covered in the foundation topics of the Basic Hydrologic Sciences course. Some of the specific topics pertinent to this case are soil conditions, the impact of QPF on runoff, runoff models, runoff processes, routed flow and stage-discharge relationships. Observations of upstream conditions and comparisons to historic crests are also examined to assist with operational flood forecast decisions. The core foundation topics are recommended as a prerequisite since this module assumes some pre-existing knowledge of hydrologic principles.
29 August 2007
This is the Spanish translation of the River Ice Processes module which provides information on flooding associated with river ice jams. In this webcast, Dr. Kate White, nationally-recognized expert on river ice, explores basic river ice processes including the formation, growth, breakup, and transport of river ice and how it can become jammed, triggering floods. In addition, Dr. White covers the current, state-of-the-art ice jam forecasting, and current ice-modeling research and development being conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. As a foundation topic for the upcoming Basic Hydrologic Science course, this module may be taken on its own, but it will also be available as a supporting topic providing factual scientific information to support students in completion of the case-based forecasting modules.
29 August 2007
This is the Spanish translation of the Snowmelt Processes module which reviews the hydrologic concerns associated with snowpack development and subsequent snowmelt characteristics. The webcast is delivered by Matt Kelsch of COMET and is based on classroom presentations from Don Cline and Tom Carroll of NOAA's National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC). Additional material and review was provided by Ethan Greene of the Colorado Avalanche Information Center. The webcast reviews the important snow hydrology processes including the development of the snowpack, the evolution of the snowpack, the contributions to snowmelt, and the fate of the melt water. A few cases are reviewed, including rain-on-snow cases. As a foundation topic for the upcoming Basic Hydrologic Science course, this module may be taken on its own, but is recommended as a supporting topic for the course.
22 August 2007
Ciclo de vida de las olas I: generación
This is the Spanish translation of the Wave Life Cycle I: Generation module, the second in a series of training modules on marine wind and waves. The first module discussed wave types and characteristics and is a good primer to this next marine training topic. Wave Life Cycle I: Generation examines how wind creates waves and the inter-relationships between wind speed, wind duration, and fetch length during this process. These three factors are important to predicting wave height and what will limit wave growth. Additional topics include fully developed seas, observation sources, and various special wind events such as coastal jets and instability mixing in the marine boundary layer. While much of this instruction is at a basic level, all marine forecasters will find benefit in the more intermediate and advanced topics. These include the issue of dynamic or ¿trapped¿ fetch as well as the use of satellite-based observations of marine winds using the active microwave technique known as scatterometry. User interactions are included throughout the module and within the short case study. The next module in the series will look at propagation and dispersion as the waves leave the generation area.
21 August 2007
Influence de la physique des modèles de prévision numérique des éléments du temps (PNÉT)
This is the French translation of the Influence of Model Physics on NWP Forecasts module which describes model parameterizations of sub-surface, boundary-layer,and free atmospheric processes, such as surface snow processes, soil characteristics, vegetation, evapotranspiration, PBL processes and parameterizations, and trace gases, and their interaction with the radiative transfer process. It specifically addresses how models treat these physical processes and how they can influence forecasts of sensible weather elements.
14 August 2007
Real-Time Mesoscale Analysis (RTMA): What is the NCEP RTMA and how can it be used?
The NCEP Real-Time Mesoscale Analysis (RTMA), provides current conditions in digital form on the NWS National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD) 5-km grid. This product was upgraded in early July 2007 to the point where its use by forecast offices is now encouraged for situational awareness, creating short-term forecast grids, and evaluating recent forecast grids and forecast bias. Unique to the RTMA is an uncertainty or error estimate for some of its analysis parameters. These uncertainty estimates perhaps could be used to determine when a forecast is ¿good enough¿. This Webcast discusses why the RTMA and its parent project, the Analysis of Record, were created, how the RTMA is generated, and its capabilities, limitations, and possible applications. The Webcast includes extensive discussion about how representative individual observations are and how they are handled by the analysis. The topics covered include:
- The context for developing the RTMA and related future developments
- Use of the RTMA in the human forecast process
- The steps in generating RTMA products: forecast, downscaling, observation data sets, quality control, two-dimensional variational analysis (2d-var), ¿uncertainty¿ estimates, multisensor precipitation analysis, and GOES Effective Cloud Amount
- Limitations related to how RTMA products are generated
- How an observation affects the 2d-var analysis
- Issues raised by the analysis using accurate observations which are not representative of their surrounding area
- Preliminary performance assessment over complex terrain
- Key changes under development for future RTMA implementations
14 August 2007
Antarctica: Challenging Forecasts for a Challenging Environment
Antarctica: Challenging Forecasts for a Challenging Environment features two educational pieces. The first is the overview giving the general audience a broad look at Antarctica including some history, interesting facts, real-life experiences, climate, and the challenges inherent to this frozen continent. The second is the main presentation where experts in Antarctic research and forecasting, share their knowledge of the continent. They discuss forecasting challenges as well as present and future research topics while providing elaborations on the uniqueness in Antarctica¿s location, topography, and forecasting techniques as compared